Mazarin soon supported the Queen's position because he knew that her support for his power and his foreign policy depended on making peace with Spain from a strong position and on the Spanish marriage. Creators: Simon Mirren, David Wolstencroft. Britain gained the most from the treaty, but the final terms were much more favourable to France than those being discussed in peace negotiations in 1709 and 1710. As Louis aged, so too did the manner in which he was depicted. Colbert's mercantilist administration established new industries and encouraged manufacturers and inventors, such as the Lyon silk manufacturers and the Gobelins manufactory, a producer of tapestries. First, Louis had Algiers and Tripoli, two Barbary pirate strongholds, bombarded to obtain a favourable treaty and the liberation of Christian slaves. It is notable as the first decoration that could be granted to non-nobles and is roughly the forerunner of the Légion d'honneur, with which it shares the red ribbon (though the Légion d'honneur is awarded to military personnel and civilians alike). The war begun in 1635 between France and Spain was then entering its last phase. Unlike that which preceded it, tales of sordid intrigue and half-hearted warfare characterized this second phase of upper-class insurrection. With the exception of the current Royal Chapel (built near the end of his reign), the palace achieved much of its current appearance after the third building campaign, which was followed by an official move of the royal court to Versailles on 6 May 1682. [46] Furthermore, Louis' librarian and translator Arcadio Huang was Chinese.[47][48]. Louis secured permanent French sovereignty over all of Alsace, including Strasbourg, and established the Rhine as the Franco-German border (as it is to this day). Although an attempt to restore James II failed at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690, France accumulated a string of victories from Flanders in the north, Germany in the east, and Italy and Spain in the south, to the high seas and the colonies. He once narrowly escaped drowning in a pond because no one was watching him. . [3] The King surrounded himself with a variety of significant political, military, and cultural figures, such as Mazarin, Colbert, Louvois, the Grand Condé, Turenne, Vauban, Boulle, Molière, Racine, Boileau, La Fontaine, Lully, Charpentier, Marais, Le Brun, Rigaud, Bossuet, Le Vau, Mansart, Charles Perrault, Claude Perrault, and Le Nôtre. [89] It is believed that they were married secretly at Versailles on or around 10 October 1683[90] or January 1684. This led to the bombardment of Brussels, in which more than 4,000 buildings were destroyed, including the entire city-center. Louis XIV became friends with Villeroy's young children, particularly François de Villeroy, and divided his time between the Palais-Royal and the nearby Hotel de Villeroy. 1 The duo allowed the Palatinate and Austria to occupy Bavaria after their victory at the Battle of Blenheim. However, French armies held significant advantages over their opponents; an undivided command, talented generals like Turenne, Condé and Luxembourg and vastly superior logistics. In 1667, the net receipts had risen to 20 million pounds sterling, while expenditure had fallen to 11 million, leaving a surplus of 9 million pounds. Louis established the Chambers of Reunion to determine the full extent of his rights and obligations under those treaties. To rectify the situation, Louis chose Jean-Baptiste Colbert as Controller-General of Finances in 1665. Additionally, in the colonies, only Roman Catholics could own slaves, and these had to be baptised. He wanted to control everything from court etiquette to troop movements, from road building to theological disputes. Praising his ability to choose and encourage men of talent, the historian Chateaubriand noted: "it is the voice of genius of all kinds which sounds from the tomb of Louis".[25]. [33], Louis placed little reliance on his agreement with Leopold and as it was now clear French and Dutch aims were in direct conflict, he decided to first defeat the Republic, then seize the Spanish Netherlands. In defiance of custom, which would have made Queen Anne the sole Regent of France, the king decreed that a regency council would rule on his son's behalf. Louis, Dauphin of France (4 September 1729 – 20 December 1765) was the only surviving son of King Louis XV of France and his wife, Queen Marie Leszczyńska.Son of the king, Louis was styled Fils de France.As heir apparent, he became Dauphin of France.However, … Moreover, eager to emancipate themselves from Habsburg domination, petty German states sought French protection. In 1699, he re-confirmed his 1693 will that named Joseph Ferdinand as his sole successor.[77]. The interest on the debt was reduced from 52 million to 24 million livres. He recommended that France fight back by licensing French merchants ships to privateer and seize enemy merchant ships, while avoiding its navies: Vauban was pessimistic about France's so-called friends and allies: Louis decided to persecute Protestants and revoke the 1598 Edict of Nantes, which awarded Huguenots political and religious freedom. On his deathbed in 1700, Charles II unexpectedly changed his will. Maria Theresa died in 1683, whereupon Louis remarked that she had never caused him unease on any other occasion. The king’s first true love was Mazarin’s niece, … Contemporary treaties were intentionally phrased ambiguously. His last surviving legitimate son, the Dauphin, died in 1711. Louis began his personal reign with administrative and fiscal reforms. This was felt by the Netherlands, France's Protestant ally, which negotiated a separate peace with Spain in 1648.[13]. Louis proved relatively more faithful to his second wife, Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon. He integrated ballet deeply in court social functions and fixated his nobles' attention on upholding standards in ballet dancing, effectively distracting them from political activities. [121] Leibniz, the German Protestant philosopher, commended him as "one of the greatest kings that ever was". In 1669, Suleiman Aga led an Ottoman embassy to revive the old Franco-Ottoman alliance. His parents were Louis VIII, King of France and Queen Blanche of Castile. The strategy failed, as Namur fell three weeks later, but harmed Louis XIV's reputation: a century later, Napoleon deemed the bombardment "as barbarous as it was useless. By the early 1680s, Louis had greatly augmented French influence in the world. It is one of the oldest in Europe. Louis' wife was Philip IV's daughter by his first marriage, while the new king of Spain, Charles II, was his son by a subsequent marriage. Europeans generally began to emulate French manners, values, goods, and deportment. [118], Alternatively, Louis' critics attribute the social upheaval culminating in the French Revolution to his failure to reform French institutions while the monarchy was still secure. By attaching nobles to his court at Versailles, Louis achieved increased control over the French aristocracy. The King was thus portrayed largely in majesty or at war, notably against Spain. Though in some respects the Treaty of Ryswick may appear a diplomatic defeat for Louis since he failed to place client rulers in control of the Palatinate or the Electorate of Cologne, he did in fact fulfill many of the aims laid down in his 1688 ultimatum. In the case of Maria Theresa, nonetheless, the renunciation was considered null and void owing to Spain's breach of her marriage contract with Louis. Unsurprisingly, the pope repudiated the Declaration.[4]. Louis' patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son. His lack of faith in Queen Anne's political abilities was his primary rationale. His triumphs at the Battles of Fleurus in 1690, Steenkerque in 1692, and Landen in 1693 preserved northern France from invasion.[70]. [117] Europe came to admire France for its military and cultural successes, power, and sophistication. Louis personally supervised the captures of Mons in 1691 and Namur in 1692. Marlborough and Eugene met again at the Battle of Oudenarde, which enabled them to invade France. From this conviction he gained not only a dangerous feeling of infallibility but also considerable serenity and moderation. In contrast, no renunciations tainted the claims of the Emperor Leopold I's son Charles, Archduke of Austria, who was a grandson of Philip III's youngest daughter Maria Anna. Enduring much pain in his last days, he finally "yielded up his soul without any effort, like a candle going out", while reciting the psalm Domine, ad adjuvandum me festina (O Lord, make haste to help me). However, the Spanish were rapidly defeated because the Emperor (distracted by the Great Turkish War) abandoned them, and the Dutch only supported them minimally. Jules Cardinal Mazarin, detail of a portrait by Philippe de Champaigne; in the Musée Condé, Chantilly, France. In addition, most of the princes refused to deal with Mazarin, who went into exile for a number of years. The best example of Anne's statesmanship and the partial change in her heart towards her native Spain is seen in her keeping of one of Richelieu's men, the Chancellor of France Pierre Séguier, in his post. His work was adopted and published by Feuillet in 1700. [68], Another event Louis found threatening was England's Glorious Revolution of 1688. Marriage of Louis XIV of France and Maria Theresa of Spain. Among the better documented are Louise de La Vallière (with whom he had five children; 1661–67), Bonne de Pons d'Heudicourt (1665), Catherine Charlotte de Gramont (1665), Françoise-Athénaïs, Marquise de Montespan (with whom he had seven children; 1667–80), Anne de Rohan-Chabot (1669–75), Claude de Vin des Œillets (one child born in 1676), Isabelle de Ludres (1675–78), and Marie Angélique de Scorailles (1679–81), who died at age 19 in childbirth. Louis' detractors have argued that his considerable foreign, military, and domestic expenditure impoverished and bankrupted France. In 1646, Nicolas V de Villeroy became the young king's tutor. Son of LOUIS VIII – KING OF FRANCE. The taille was reduced to 42 million in 1661 and 35 million in 1665; finally the revenue from indirect taxation progressed from 26 million to 55 million. "[8], It was his mother who gave Louis his belief in the absolute and divine power of his monarchical rule.[9]. This was a step toward equality before the law and toward sound public finance, but so many concessions and exemptions were won by nobles and bourgeois that the reform lost much of its value.[26]. During the Eighty Years' War with Spain, France supported the Dutch Republic as part of a general policy of opposing Habsburg power. For his part, Voltaire saw Louis' vanity as the cause for his bellicosity: It is certain that he passionately wanted glory, rather than the conquests themselves. He taught his diplomats that their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military.[5]. Nevertheless, excellent results were achieved: the deficit of 1661 turned into a surplus in 1666. [80] Moreover, Louis's foreign minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, marquis de Torcy, pointed out that war with the Emperor would almost certainly ensue whether Louis accepted the partition treaties or Charles II's will. In 1705, the Emperor Leopold I died. He was a member of the House of Capet. All that remained of his immediate family was Louis's sister-in-law, Elizabeth Charlotte. Louis VIII of France: The Short-Lived King Early Life Louis VIII was born on September 5, 1187 as King Philip II‘s eldest son. [93] Under the influence of his very religious second wife, he became much stronger in the practice of his Catholic faith. [114], Line of succession to the French throne upon the death of Louis XIV in 1715. [89], When he legitimized his children by Madame de Montespan on 20 December 1673, Françoise d'Aubigné became the royal governess at Saint-Germain. He saw the persistence of Protestantism as a disgraceful reminder of royal powerlessness. "[71], Peace was broached by Sweden in 1690. Although a part of Alsace, Strasbourg was not part of Habsburg-ruled Alsace and was thus not ceded to France in the Peace of Westphalia. Anne and Mazarin had largely pursued the policies of Cardinal Richelieu, augmenting the Crown's power at the expense of the nobility and the Parlements. They regard the political and military victories as well as numerous cultural achievements as the means by which Louis helped raise France to a preeminent position in Europe. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. He Was A King Baby. The system was outrageously unjust in throwing a heavy tax burden on the poor and helpless. In this way, he aimed to decrease foreign imports while increasing French exports, hence reducing the net outflow of precious metals from France. Pierre Beauchamp, his private dance instructor, was ordered by Louis to come up with a notation system to record ballet performances, which he did with great success. The principle of cuius regio, eius religio generally had also meant that subjects who refused to convert could emigrate, but Louis banned emigration and effectively insisted that all Protestants must be converted. By keeping him in his post, Anne was giving a sign that the interests of France and her son Louis were the guiding spirit of all her political and legal actions. He allowed Classical French literature to flourish by protecting such writers as Molière, Racine, and La Fontaine, whose works remain influential to this day. Following these annexations, Spain declared war, precipitating the War of the Reunions. Before its dissolution eight months later, the Assembly had accepted the Declaration of the Clergy of France, which increased royal authority at the expense of papal power. The Parlement found him guilty and sentenced him to exile. Conseil royal des finances ("Royal Council of Finances") who was headed by the "chef du conseil des finances" (an honorary post in most cases)—this was one of the few posts in the council that was opened to the high aristocracy. A conflict with Spain marked his entire childhood, while during his reign, the kingdom took part in three major continental conflicts, each against powerful foreign alliances: the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Succession. [92], Louis was a pious and devout king who saw himself as the head and protector of the Catholic Church in France. Thanks to Louis, his allies the Electors of Bavaria and Cologne were restored to their prewar status and returned their lands.[88]. While pharmacology was still quite rudimentary in his day, the Invalides pioneered new treatments and set new standards for hospice treatment. Paris erupted in rioting as a result, and Anne was forced, under intense pressure, to free Broussel.
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