From July 1-3, 1863, Lee's forces suffered another round of heavy casualties in Pennsylvania. He became the General-in-chief of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War . On May 13, 1846, the United States declared war on Mexico. Robert Edward Lee fue un general estadounidense conocido por comandar el Ejército Confederado de Virginia del Norte durante la Guerra de Secesión desde 1862 hasta su rendición en 1865. Robert Edward Lee was the son of Henry (“Light-horse Harry”) Lee and Ann Hill Carter Lee. This unusual winter campaign pitted 75,000 Confederates against more than 130,000 Federals under Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, who had replaced McClellan. The army marched north to defeat Gen. John Pope at the Second Battle of Bull Run (or Second Manassas) on August 28–30. Robert Edward Lee (* 19. Robert Smalls was an enslaved African American who became a politician, serving in both the South Carolina legislature and the U.S. House of Representatives. The three-day stand-off, known as the Battle of Gettysburg, wiped out a huge chunk of Lee's army, halting his invasion of the North while helping to turn the tide for the Union. Lee entered the United States Military Academy in 1825 and graduated second in the class of 1829. In October 1859, Lee was summoned to put an end to an enslaved person insurrection led by John Brown at Harper's Ferry. On April 1, Federals turned Lee’s right flank at Five Forks, and on the night of April 2–3, Confederates abandoned the Richmond-Petersburg lines. This third edition of Phycology is designed to serve both as a textbook for a one-semester course and also as a reference on modern … The sun rises behind the Robert E. Lee statue, where streets are closed ahead of expected protests in Richmond, Virginia on January 17, 2021. High class ranking entitled him to enter the Engineer Corps as a second lieutenant on July 1, 1829. His father had been a hero of the American Revolution and governor of Virginia, and uncles and other relatives had signed the Declaration of Independence, served in Congress, and otherwise achieved notable reputations. We strive for accuracy and fairness. More than 23,000 Federals and at least 25,000 Confederates fell, and on July 4 Lee retreated toward the Potomac. Lee was cut from Virginia aristocracy. Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee surrendering to Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, April 9, 1865; wood engraving based on an illustration by Alfred R. Waud, 1887. Author of. While Lee had misgivings about centering a war on the slavery issue, after Virginia voted to secede from the nation on April 17, 1861, Lee agreed to help lead the Confederate forces. Robert Edward Lee Allen (* 28. The following article is from The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979). Reduced to 66,000 soldiers, Lee’s army nonetheless maintained high confidence. Robert Edward Lee is considered one of the greatest generals in the history of the United States. Lee reorganized the Army of Northern Virginia, giving half of the infantry to Thomas J. In August of that year, he gave the Confederacy a crucial victory at Second Manassas. General McClellan, reinstated after Pope’s defeat, opposed Lee on September 17 in the campaign’s climactic Battle of Antietam. Lee saw himself as an extension of his family's greatness. Schließlich wurde er im Januar 1865 zum Oberbefehlshaber des konföderierten Heeres ernannt. Casualties included more than 9,000 Confederates and 16,000 Federals. Turning to General Longstreet, he said, “It is well this is so terrible! But not all went well. Biografie: Robert Edward Lee war bis 1861 Oberst des US-Heeres und der erfolgreichste General des konföderierten Heeres. "I suppose there is nothing for me to do but go and see General Grant," he told an aide. Together, they had seven children: three sons (Custis, Rooney and Rob) and four daughters (Mary, Annie, Agnes and Mildred). During Lee’s first year in Confederate command, stints in western Virginia and along the South Atlantic coast created the impression that he lacked aggressiveness. Januar 1807 im Westmoreland County in der Stadt Stratford, VA, als fünftes Kind von Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee, dem legendären General und seiner zweiten Frau Ann Hill Carter-Lee geboren. John L. Nau III Professor in the History of the American Civil War Emeritus, University of Virginia. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Although turned back at Antietam, Lee had crafted an overall success that drove major Union forces from Virginia, raised Confederate civilian morale, sent tremors through the North, and laid the foundation for a powerful bond between himself and his soldiers. Constructed in … The Lost Cause memorial landscape featured many statues of Lee. entre 1861 y 1865. He might be termed a situational reconciliationist—someone who said things in public that enhanced progress toward reunion but never achieved true forgiveness and acceptance vis-à-vis his old enemies. Summoned to the War Department on October 17, Lee proceeded to Harpers Ferry with a detachment of Marines and the next morning orchestrated the capture of Brown, whom he described as an “enemy of the Country.”, Lee held views about slavery and abolitionists typical for those of his class and section. [1] He led the Army of Northern Virginia in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War . Robert Kennedy was attorney general during his brother John F. Kennedy's administration. Shortly afterward, Washington College was renamed Washington and Lee University. Most Confederate soldiers and civilians did not view Gettysburg as a disaster, and fewer still regarded it as a major blemish on Lee’s record. The confrontation between Lee and Grant, known as the Overland campaign, witnessed almost constant fighting and set a grim standard for slaughter in the Battles of the Wilderness (May 5–6), Spotsylvania Court House (May 8–21), Cold Harbor (June 1–12), and Petersburg (June 15–18). Richard Henry Lee was an American statesman from Virginia who made the motion, known as the Lee Resolution, for independence from Great Britain. Phycology is the study of algae, a ubiquitous and extremely important range of species ecologically because of the dependence of other species on their primary production. It might be outdated or ideologically biased. Omissions? Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. He struggled with the mundane tasks associated with his work and life. His loyalties moved him around the country, from Savannah to St. Louis to New York. At one point in the battle, an admiring Lee watched his infantry drive back the Federals. The couple would share a 39-year marriage that produced four daughters and three sons. Severe straggling and desertion had depleted Lee’s force to 38,000 troops, who faced 75,000 Union soldiers. Doch Robert E. Lee entzieht sich bis zu einem gewissen Grad dem Parteiengezänk. A weeklong retreat westward followed. Just under six feet (1.8 metres) tall, with black hair and brown eyes, Lee cut a striking figure. The Lee Chapel and Museum, on the campus of Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia. On April 18, the day after Virginia seceded, Lee was offered command of the United States Army being raised to put down the rebellion. Word of events at Appomattox prompted feelings of resignation across the Rebel states. Lee owned 10–15 enslaved people during his lifetime, but, as executor of Custis’s will, he was charged with freeing, within a five-year period, nearly 200 enslaved people. In late September 1870, Lee suffered a massive stroke. “You will never prosper with the blacks,” he told his youngest son in 1868, “and it is abhorrent to a reflecting mind to be supporting and cherishing those who are plotting and working for your injury, and all of whose sympathies and associations are antagonistic to yours.”, By the time of Lee’s promotion to colonel of the 1st Cavalry on March 16, 1861, seven southern states had seceded and established the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis in Richmond, Virginia. He placed second in his graduating class after four spotless years without a demerit and wrapped up his studies with perfect scores in artillery, infantry and cavalry. After turning down an offer from President Abraham Lincoln to command the Union forces, Lee resigned from the military and returned home. A Confederate general who led southern forces against the Union Army in the U.S. Civil War, Robert Edward Lee was born on January 19, 1807, at his family home of Stratford Hall in northeastern Virginia. © 2021 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. – Lexington, Virginia, 12. listopada 1870. ), američki vojskovođa. Saved from being hanged as a traitor by a forgiving Lincoln and Grant, Lee returned to his family in April 1865. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-E-Lee, American Battlefield Trust - Biography of Robert E. Lee, National Park Service - Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial - Biography of Robert Edward Lee, Robert E. Lee - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Robert E. Lee - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Lee Chapel and Museum, Washington and Lee University. Serving under General Winfield Scott, Lee distinguished himself as a brave battle commander and a brilliant tactician. On June 1, 1862, he took control of the Army of Northern Virginia and drove back the Union Army during the Seven Days Battles near Richmond. The few Confederate troops who reached the objective of Pickett's Charge on Cemetery Ridge were easily repulsed, though their progress at the Battle of Gettysburg marked the high-water mark of the Confederacy. Robert E. Lee, in full Robert Edward Lee, (born January 19, 1807, Stratford Hall, Westmoreland county, Virginia, U.S.—died October 12, 1870, Lexington, Virginia), U.S. Army officer (1829–61), Confederate general (1861–65), college president (1865–70), and central figure in contending memory traditions of the American Civil War. Between June 25 and July 1, he and McClellan fought the Seven Days’ Battles. Sein bedeutendstes Kommando während des Amerikanischen Bürgerkrieges war der Oberbefehl über die Nord-Virginia-Armee. Thousands of Confederate soldiers remained under arms, but for most white southerners—as well as most people in the United States—the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia signaled the end of the war. The Overland campaign ended on June 18 as the armies settled into lines around Petersburg. A member of Lee’s staff recalled that “some of the newspapers…pitched into him with extraordinary virulence,” predicting that “henceforth our army would never be allowed to fight.”. Lee also revised the curriculum, adding courses in science and engineering to traditional offerings in classical subjects. Cambridge University Press, Sep 23, 1999 - Science - 614 pages. In the aftermath of the U.S. victory over its neighbor, Lee was held up as a hero. The Confederate people and soldiers in the Army of Northern Virginia held an equally firm belief that Lee would triumph against Grant. Abraham Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion. Lee's orchestrated attack took just a single hour to end the revolt, and his success put him on a shortlist of names to lead the Union Army should the nation go to war. Please select which sections you would like to print: While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. It is useless to expatiate on its disadvantages.” But he also believed slavery “a greater evil to the white than to the black race, & while my feelings are strongly interested in behalf of the latter, my sympathies are more strong for the former.” The fate of enslaved millions, he insisted, should be left in God’s hands: “Their emancipation will sooner result from the mild & melting influence of Christianity, than the storms & tempests of fiery Controversy.” Lee unequivocally denounced abolitionists, alluding to what he termed “the systematic & progressive efforts of certain people of the North, to interfere with & change the domestic institutions of the South.” Such actions, he continued, “can only be accomplished by them through the agency of a civil & servile war.”, Lee’s most sustained experience in control of enslaved people came after his father-in-law’s death in 1857. Several monuments to the late general sprung up before the end of the 19th century, notably in New Orleans, Louisiana, and Dallas, Texas. Robert E. Lee was born in Virginia's Westmoreland County on Jan. 19, 1807, the third son of Henry ("Light Horse Harry") and Ann Hill Carter Lee. Lee is the fourth great-nephew of Confederate General Robert E. Lee.” — Statement in a lawsuit seeking removal of a Confederate statue, filed in Iredell County, N.C., May 5 Because of this, he was respected by every man in America including Abraham Lincoln and Ulysses S. … Robert E. Lee was the leading Confederate general during the U.S. Civil War and has been venerated as a heroic figure in the American South. Le général Robert E. Lee est la plus noble figure militaire de la guerre de Sécession, bien qu'appartenant au camp des vaincus en sa qualité de chef des armées confédérées (sudistes).. Issu d'une vieille famille de planteurs virginiens, il se voue très tôt au métier des armes et sort second de l'Académie militaire de West Point en 1829. In June 1831 Lee married Mary Anna Randolph Custis, the only daughter of George Washington Parke Custis, the grandson of Martha Washington. More than a decade and half passed before Lee saw a battlefield. Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was a colonel in the United States Army. In 1825 Lee accepted an appointment to West Point, from which he graduated in 1829. Confederate Generals Stonewall Jackson (left) and Robert E. Lee meeting for the last time at the Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1863. Zwischen 1923 und 1925 vertrat er den zweiten Wahlbezirk des Bundesstaates West Virginia im US-Repräsentantenhaus. Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was an American and Confederate soldier, best known as a commander of the Confederate States Army. The Maryland campaign capped a three-month drama that reoriented the war in Virginia. Lee then served in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, advancing through the ranks until 1852, when he was … Lee, Robert Edward Born Jan. 19, 1807, at “Stratford,” in Virginia; died Oct. 12, 1870, in Lexington, Va. Theater commander and then commander in chief of the armies of the slaveholding Confederacy during the American Civil War of 1861–65. He had fashioned a victory from circumstances that would have undone most generals. Scott showered Lee with particular praise, saying that in the event the United States went into another war, the government should consider taking out a life insurance policy on the commander. The Enduring Relevance of Robert E. Lee: The Ideological Warfare Underpinning the American Civil War Marshall DeRosa DeRosa uses the figure of Robert E. Lee to consider the role of political leadership under extremely difficult circumstances, examining Lee as statesman rather than just a military leader and finds that many of Lee’s assertions are still relevant today. Over the next year, Lee again distinguished himself on the battlefield. The battle closed on July 3 with the failed attack known as Pickett’s Charge. Do 1861. godine bio je uspješan časnik Vojske Sjedinjenih Država da bi tijekom Američkog građanskog rata bio najuspješniji general na strani pobunjene Konfederacije.Leejeva predaja kod mjesta Appomattox, 9. travnja 1865. godine uglavnom se označava kao kraj građanskog rata. Declining fortunes forced the family's removal to Alexandria, where Robert distinguished himself in local schools. Despite lingering personal grievances against the United States, Lee refrained from public criticism of the victors while president of Washington College. The Army of Northern Virginia, reduced to just 28,000 men, ceased to exist. The ensuing siege of Petersburg lasted more than nine months. Subcategories This category has the following 10 subcategories, out of 10 total. He went on to become president of Washington College, which was renamed Washington and Lee University after his death in 1870. Lee faced yet another opponent in the spring of 1864. Lee reacted with a series of daring moves, dividing his army three times in the course of forcing Hooker to retreat. Robert E. Lee came to military prominence during the U.S. Civil War, commanding his home state's armed forces and becoming general-in-chief of the Confederate forces toward the end of the conflict. The chapel contains the crypt of Robert E. Lee and his family. American actor Robert Reed played quintessential family man Mike Brady in the popular sitcom 'The Brady Bunch' from 1969 to 1974. The next test for Lee came on northern soil. The Robert E. Lee Monument in Richmond, Virginia, was the first installation on Monument Avenue in 1890. He declined, with the explanation that he opposed secession but could not take the field against the southern states. He held pronounced racial views of white superiority that remained constant from the antebellum years, when applied to enslaved people, into the post-Civil War period, when the newly emancipated sought to find an equal place in southern society. Following the defeat of Union Gen. John Pope’s Army of Virginia at the Second Battle of Bull Run, Confederate Gen. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Lee followed in his father’s footsteps and joined the United States Military Academy, from where he … He and his family moved to Alexandria, Va., where Robert received his early education. By early 1865, the fate of the war was clear, a fact driven home on April 2 when Lee was forced to abandon Richmond. Corrections? November 1865 in Lima, Tyler County, West Virginia; † 28. He is remembered for leading the Army of Northern Virginia to the brink of victory in the Civil War. American Civil War. Lee next decided to invade theUnited States, crossing the Potomac River into Maryland on September 4–7 with 55,000 men. Aufgewachsen ist er in Alexandria, VA. Der Familientradition folgend trat er 1825 in die Militärakademie West-Point ein. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Harper Lee is best known for writing the Pulitzer Prize-winning bestseller 'To Kill a Mockingbird' and 'Go Set a Watchman,' which portrays the later years of the Finch family. His father's death in 1811 increased responsibilities on all the sons; Robert, especially, cared for his invalid mother. On May 31 Joseph E. Johnston received a wound in the Battle of Seven Pines and was replaced as chief of the army defending Richmond by Lee, whose appointment provoked a mixed reaction. Plagued by various physical ailments during the postwar years, Lee suffered a stroke on September 28 and died on October 12, 1870. "And I would rather die a thousand deaths.". Stonewall Jackson was a leading Confederate general during the U.S. Civil War, commanding forces at Manassas, Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. Seinen Ruhm begründete er mit zahlreichen Siegen, die er mit … Robert Edward "Rob" Lee Jr. (October 27, 1843 – October 19, 1914) was the sixth of seven children of Confederate General Robert E. Lee and Mary Anna Randolph Custis. Honoring Civil War General Robert E. Lee, it was the largest monument on the site for over a century, and remains the last Confederate monument on the Avenue today. Although losses had been heavy, Lee’s army withdrew safely from Pennsylvania by the middle of July. https://www.biography.com/military-figure/robert-e-lee. Robert S. McNamara was an American business executive and the eighth U.S. Secretary of Defense. Behind the lines in the Confederacy, Fredericksburg spawned optimism and heightened faith in Lee. Lee was born in an illustrious family and his father served as the Governor General of Virginia in addition to being an officer in the Revolutionary War. Though the Union won the war, Lee earned renown as a military tactician for scoring several major victories on the battlefield. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 2 Reviews. General Lee was born to Revolutionary War hero, Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee, in Stratford Hall, Virginia, and seemed destined for military greatness. The most serious was George B. McClellan’s 100,000-man Army of the Potomac, which by the end of May had pushed to within a few miles of the Rebel capital. In 2017, after the City Council of Charlottesville, Virginia, voted to move a Lee statue from a park, Charlottesville became the site of several protests and counter-protests; in August, numerous demonstrators clashed, resulting in one death and 19 injuries. Updates? In the decades after the Civil War, Lee came to be regarded by sympathizers as a heroic figure of the South. Lee figured prominently in two memory traditions related to the Civil War. By the fall of 1864, Union General Ulysses S. Grant had gained the upper hand, decimating much of Richmond, the Confederacy's capital, and Petersburg. He later served as a U.S. … In spring 1863 Lee confronted more than 130,000 Union troops under the command of Joseph Hooker, his fourth opponent in less than a year. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); Subscribe to the Biography newsletter to receive stories about the people who shaped our world and the stories that shaped their lives. After graduating from West Point, Lee married Mary Custis, the great-granddaughter of Martha Washington (from her first marriage, prior to meeting George Washington) in 1831. The monument includes General Lee sitting on his horse atop a large marble base that stands over 60 feet tall. Flowers. The Lost Cause tradition, forged by former Confederates, cast him as a brilliant Christian soldier who lost only because of insurmountable Union advantages of men and material resources. He died at his home, surrounded by family, on October 12. We should grow too fond of it!” The battle claimed 12,653 Union and 5,309 Confederate casualties and created a crisis for Lincoln after news from Fredericksburg spread across the loyal states. Robert Edward Lee wurde am 19. Hijo de Henry Lee III, oficial durante la Guerra de Independencia de Estados Unidos, Lee se graduó con honores en la academia militar de West Point y fue un destacado oficial e ingeniero militar del ejército de Estados … Robert E. Lee, in full Robert Edward Lee, (born January 19, 1807, Stratford Hall, Westmoreland county, Virginia, U.S.—died October 12, 1870, Lexington, Virginia), U.S. Army officer (1829–61), Confederate general (1861–65), college president (1865–70), and central figure in contending memory traditions of the American Civil War. He became a soldier during the American Civil War, and later was a planter, businessman, and author. But, from Appomattox until his death, he suppressed his bitterness. The Confederates attacked repeatedly, pushing the Federals away from Richmond. “Save in the defense of my native State,” Lee wrote to General in Chief Winfield Scott, “I never desire again to draw my sword.”. Ulysses S. Grant brought to Virginia a sterling record in the Western Theatre and raised hopes among Northerners that he would vanquish Lee. Nearly 10 months passed before the next major campaign in Virginia. But Lee's commitment to the Army was superseded by his commitment to Virginia. In late April Hooker opened an offensive that ended with the Battle of Chancellorsville on May 1–4. In August 1865 Lee became president of Washington College (now Washington and Lee University) in Lexington, Virginia. While some sought to have statues of Confederate leaders removed from public view, others argued that doing so represented an attempt to erase history. Robert Edward Lee was born 19 January 1807 in Westmoreland County, Va., the son of Henry Lee and Ann Hill (Carter) Lee. His father, Colonel Henry Lee, also known as "Light-Horse Harry," had served as a cavalry leader during the Revolutionary War and earned recognition as one of the war's heroes, winning praise from General George Washington.
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